One of Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg's intentions behind Dogme 95 manifesto was to shift the attention away from the director. Instead, the main focus was meant to be on what is happening on the screen and the effect on the viewer, as well as how it is achieved. The rules were outlined in The Vow of Chastity, and all ten had to be executed by a film maker in order to have his film certified as a Dogme 95 work. The idea of abating the importance of the maker - or the author - is not a new one. In 1967 Roland Barthes in his essay The Death of the Author argued that whatever is known about the author should not be incorporated into the analysis of his work as apparently the author and his writing are unrelated and the meaning is constructed from the interaction between the text and the reader.